An artificial intelligence (AI) tool accurately predicted which patients newly infected with 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) would go on to develop severe respiratory disease, a new study finds.
The work was led by NYU Grossman School of Medicine and NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, in partnership with Wenzhou Central Hospital and Cangnan People’s Hospital, both in Wenzhou, China.
Named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the new virus causes the disease called COVID-19. As of March 30, the virus had infected 735,560 people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, the illness has caused more than 34,800 deaths to date, more often among older patients with underlying health conditions. The New York State Department of Health has reported 33,700 cases to date in New York City.
Published online March 30 in the journal Computers, Materials & Continua, the study also revealed the best indicators of future severity, and found that they were not as expected.
“While work remains to further validate our model, it holds promise as another tool to predict the patients most vulnerable to the virus, but only in support of physicians’ hard-won clinical experience in treating viral infections,” says corresponding study author Megan Coffee, MD, PhD, clinical assistant professor in the Department of Medicine and member of the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology at NYU Langone.
“Our goal was to design and deploy a decision-support tool using AI capabilities—mostly predictive analytics—to flag future clinical coronavirus severity,” says co-author Anasse Bari, PhD, a clinical assistant professor in computer science at NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Science. “We hope that the tool, when fully developed, will be useful to physicians as they assess which moderately ill patients really need beds, and who can safely go home, when hospital resources are stretched thin.”
AI Tool Finds Surprise Predictors
For the study, demographic, laboratory, and radiological findings were collected from 53 patients as each tested positive in January 2020 for the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the two Chinese hospitals. Symptoms were typically mild to begin with, including cough, fever, and stomach upset. In a minority of patients, however, severe symptoms developed within a week, including pneumonia.
The goal of the new study was to determine whether AI techniques could help to accurately predict which patients with the virus would go on to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS, the fluid buildup in the lungs that can be fatal in the elderly.
For the new study, the researchers designed computer models that make decisions based on the data fed into them, with programs getting “smarter” the more data they consider. Specifically, the current study used decision trees that track series of decisions between options and that model the potential consequences of choices at each step in a pathway.
The researchers were surprised to find that characteristics considered to be hallmarks of COVID-19, like certain patterns seen in lung images (for example, ground glass opacities), fever, and strong immune responses, were not useful in predicting which of the many patients with initial, mild symptoms would go on to develop severe lung disease. Neither were age and gender helpful in predicting serious disease, although past studies had found men over 60 to be at higher risk.
Instead, the new AI tool found that changes in three features—levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT), reported myalgia, and hemoglobin levels—were most accurately predictive of subsequent, severe disease. Together with other factors, the team reported being able to predict risk of ARDS with up to 80 percent accuracy.
ALT levels—which rise dramatically as diseases like hepatitis damage the liver—were only a bit higher in patients with COVID-19, researchers say, but still featured prominently in prediction of severity. In addition, deep muscle aches (myalgia) were also more commonplace, and have been linked by past research to higher general inflammation in the body. Is there an immune element causing worse outcomes?
Lastly, higher levels of hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein that enables blood cells to carry oxygen to bodily tissues, were also linked to later respiratory distress. Could this be explained by other factors, like unreported smoking of tobacco, which has been linked to increased hemoglobin levels? Of the 33 patients at Wenzhou Central Hospital interviewed on smoking status, the 2 who reported having smoked also reported that they had quit.
Limitations of the study, say the authors, included the relatively small dataset and the limited clinical severity of disease in the population studied. The latter may be due in part to an as yet unexplained dearth of older patients admitted into the hospitals during the study period. The average patient age was 43.
“I will be paying more attention in my clinical practice to our data points, watching patients closer if they for instance complain of severe myalgia,” adds Dr. Coffee. “It’s exciting to be able to share data with the field in real time when it can be useful. In all past epidemics, journal papers only published well after the infections had waned.”
Along with Dr. Coffee and Dr. Bari, authors of the study included first author Xiangao Jiang, along with Jianping Huang, Jichan Shi, Jianyi Dai, Jing Cai, Zhengxing Wu, and Guiqing He, in the Department of Infectious Diseases at Wenzhou Central Hospital. Also from Wenzhou Central Hospital was author Yitong Huang of the Department of Gynaecology.
Also study authors were Junzhang Wang of NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Xinyue Jiang of Columbia University, and Tianxiao Zhang in Department of Infectious Diseases at Cangnan People’s Hospital. Dr. Coffee is also adjunct faculty in the Department of Population and Family Health at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.
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